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Stand Watie (December 12, 1806 – September 9, 1871) — known as Standhope Uwatie, ''Degataga'' (, "stand firm"), and Isaac S. Watie — was a leader of the Cherokee Nation and a brigadier general of the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He commanded the Confederate Indian cavalry of the Army of the Trans-Mississippi, made up mostly of Cherokee, Muskogee and Seminole, and was the final Confederate general in the field to cease hostilities at war's end. Prior to removal of the Cherokee to Indian Territory in the late 1830s, Watie and his older brother Elias Boudinot were among leaders who signed the Treaty of New Echota in 1835. The majority of the tribe opposed their action. In 1839 the brothers were attacked in an assassination attempt, as were other relatives active in the Treaty Party. All but Stand Watie were killed. Watie in 1842 killed one of his uncle's attackers, and in 1845 his brother Thomas Watie was killed in retaliation, in the continuing cycle of violence. Watie was acquitted at trial in the 1850s on the grounds of self-defense. During the American Civil War and soon after, Watie served as Principal Chief of the Cherokee Nation (1862–1866). By then, the majority of the tribe supported the Confederacy. A minority supported the Union and refused to ratify his election. The former chief John Ross, a Union supporter, was captured in 1862 by Union forces. Watie led the Southern Cherokee delegation to Washington after the war to sue for peace, hoping to have tribal divisions recognized. The US government negotiated only with the leaders who had sided with the Union, and named John Ross as principal chief in 1866 under a new treaty. Watie stayed out of politics for his last years, and tried to rebuild his plantation. == Early life == Watie was born in Oothcaloga, Cherokee Nation (now Calhoun, Georgia) on December 12, 1806, the son of ''Uwatie'' (Cherokee for "the ancient one", sometimes spelled ''Oowatie''), a full-blood Cherokee, and Susanna Reese, daughter of a white father and Cherokee mother. He was named ''Degataga''. According to one biography, this name meant "standing firm" when translated to English.〔Dale, Edward E. ''Chronicles of Oklahoma'', "Some Letters of General Stand Watie." Volume 1, Number 1, January, 1921. Retrieved December 24, 2012.()〕 He combined his Cherokee and English names into Stand Watie.〔( Kenny A. Franks, "Stand Watie." ''Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture''. )〕 His brothers were ''Gallagina'', nicknamed "Buck"(who later took the name Elias Boudinot); and Thomas Watie. They were close to their paternal uncle Major Ridge, and his son John Ridge, both later leaders in the tribe. By 1827, their father David Uwatie had become a wealthy planter, who held African-American slaves as laborers.〔 After ''Uwatie'' converted to Christianity with the Moravians, he took the name of David Uwatie; he and Susanna renamed ''Degataga'' as Isaac. In his life, Degataga preferred to use a form of the English translation of his Cherokee name, "Stand Firm." Later, the family dropped the "U" from the spelling of their surname, using "Watie." Along with his two brothers and sisters, Stand Watie learned to read and write English at the Moravian mission school in Spring Place, Cherokee Nation (now Georgia).〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Stand Watie」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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